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    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/home</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-09-05</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Home - Trainings &amp; Certifications</image:title>
      <image:caption>Trainings and certifications for healthcare providers and industry partners are updated annually, based on the latest evidence collected from a comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature and combined with anecdotal evidence contributed by thousands of patients and healthcare providers.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Home - We Work as a Team to Support You</image:title>
      <image:caption>From nutrition and plant medicine to neurosurgery and psychiatry, the Board has you covered. The Board of Medicine is a consortium of physicians, scientists, and subject matter experts working together to provide access to evidence-based, peer-reviewed and data-driven knowledge to ensure the safety of medicine for caregivers, patients, and industry partners.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Home - The Tools in Our Toolbox</image:title>
      <image:caption>Plant medicines, such as valerian root, curcumin, ashwaganda, hemp-derived cannabinoids (ie. CBD &amp; CBDA), and therapeutic mushrooms are extremely safe when used and dosed properly. There are other techniques, such as breath work, meditation, yoga, massage, acupuncture, and wearable technologies which have few to no side effects and are also powerful treatment options.  These are particularly useful options for those who are not good candidates for medicine. It is critical for us to be aware of these tools in our toolbox, specifically their risks and benefits, so that we can understand when they may be good choices over other riskier treatment options.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/our-vision</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-06-28</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Our Vision - What is The Board of Medicine?</image:title>
      <image:caption>From nutrition and plant medicine to neurosurgery and psychiatry, The Board of Medicine leaves no stone unturned. The Board of Medicine is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) consortium of world-renowned physicians, scientists, and subject matter experts working together to provide access to evidence-based, peer-reviewed and data-driven knowledge to ensure the safety of medicine for everyone from elite athletes and military veterans to patients and caregivers. The Board of Medicine is on a mission to improve public health through evidence-based practices by enhancing the safety of treatments for both patients and health care providers alike. First, Do No Harm. Much of our current practice of medicine is in direct violation of the Hippocratic Oath. One powerful example is that we have seen a startling rise in the number of deaths and disabilities due to over-prescription and misuse of opioid narcotics and benzodiazepines over the last 20 years. We have also seen a spike in the number of people diagnosed with treatment-resistant chronic illnesses, specifically mental illnesses. The pharmaceuticals often prescribed to treat these chronic conditions have many adverse or unwanted effects that often get worse the longer the medicine is taken. Some of these side effects are unfortunately permanent. From a critical analysis of the literature, it has become clear that the number needed to treat (NNT), or how many people need to be treated with a medicine to see a clinically significant reduction in symptoms, of most prescription medicines used to treat chronic mental illnesses and chronic pain disorders is very high. What is actually more frightening is that the number needed to harm (NNH), or how many people need to be treated with a medicine to see a clinically significant side effect, is actually very low. What this means, in the case of SSRI’s or opioids for chronic pain as an example, is that these medicines are more likely to cause harm than they are to result in symptom relief when prescribed for long-term use. This practice is in direct violation of the Hippocratic principle of Primum Non Nocere or First, Do No Harm. This principle was put into place by both the founding members of Western and Eastern Medicine practices alike, and it was mentioned frequently by Hippocrates, for whom our oath was named. It is unethical to treat a patient with a medicine that has significant risk when the available non-invasive and non-pharmacologic options have not been completely explored and exhausted. This is particularly critical when working with vulnerable populations (e.g. children, pregnant women, geriatric patients, and veterans) who are often not good candidates for prescription pharmaceuticals and who often receive prescriptions that are off-label. Choose how you heal. Thankfully, plant medicines, like many herbs (e.g., valerian root, turmeric, ashwaganda), hemp derived cannabinoids (e.g., CBD, CBDA, CBN), and therapeutic mushrooms are extremely safe when used and dosed properly. There are other techniques, such as breath work, meditation, yoga, massage, acupuncture, and wearable technologies that have few to no side effects and are also powerful treatment options, particularly for those who are not good candidates for medicine. It is critical for us to be aware of these tools in our toolbox, and specifically their risks and benefits, so that we can understand when they may be good choices over riskier treatment options. This is how Hippocrates originally described medicines that heal and how he intended medicines to be used for treatment. The Board of Medicine has focused on developing the world’s first peer-reviewed evidence-based guidelines for the use of such medicines, techniques, and technologies that are currently unregulated in the market because so many of them are safe and effective when used correctly. Science is now demonstrating how and why these tools work. The better we understand these tools, the better care we can deliver to ourselves and our clients. The Board of Medicine is proud to bring this essential knowledge to you so that, finally, you can choose how you heal yourself and others. Dr. David M. L. Rabin MD, PhD Board-Certified Psychiatrist &amp; Neuroscientist Executive Director The Board of Medicine</image:caption>
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    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/board-members</loc>
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    <lastmod>2025-11-24</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. David M. L. Rabin MD, PhD Executive Director Psychiatry &amp; Neuroscience</image:title>
      <image:caption>Tobias Keene, D.D.S. Hailing from Richmond, Virginia, Dr. Tobias Keene brings a bit of unabashed Southern hospitality to all his patients. He moved to Washington, D.C. over thirty years ago as a freshman at Ivy College. Right after graduation, he attended World University’s School of Dentistry. Before opening Keene Dental in 1994, he worked for free clinics and some of the finest practices in the District. He is part of the 123 Dental Association and stays up-to-date on the latest dental discoveries. When not striving to keep his patients happy and healthy, he’s enjoys hiking with his family in Rock Creek Park.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Joseph Maroon MD, FACS Secretary Neurosurgery &amp; Neuroscience</image:title>
      <image:caption>Joseph C. Maroon MD, FACS is clinical professor and vice chairman of the Department of Neurological Surgery and Heindl Scholar in Neuroscience at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center. In addition to being a renowned neurosurgeon, he is a sports medicine expert, health and nutrition expert and Ironman triathlete. Dr. Maroon is regarded as a premiere specialist in the surgical treatment of injuries and diseases of the brain and spine, specializing in minimally invasive procedures. Consistently listed in America’s Best Doctors for the past 20 years, he has an international referral base, including numerous professional athletes and celebrities. Dr. Maroon obtained his medical and neurosurgical training at Indiana University, Georgetown University, Oxford University in England and the University of Vermont. He conducted extensive research into neurotrauma, brain tumors and diseases of the spine, which has led to many innovative techniques for diagnosing and treating these disorders. His research efforts garnered him numerous awards from various national and international neurological societies. Dr. Maroon is the author of six books, and (co-)author of 40 book chapters and over 270 published scientific papers. He has given more than 150 presentations at national and international conferences and is often invited as visiting professor and key-note speaker. He has served on the editorial boards of eight medical and neurological journals and is currently associate editor of Surgical Neurology,  and editorial board member of Neurological Research and The Physician and Sports Medicine journals. He also is past-President of the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, the largest society of Neurosurgeons in the world. Dr. Maroon has been the team neurosurgeon for the Pittsburgh Steelers since 1981, and is Medical Director of the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He has successfully performed surgery on numerous professional football players and other elite athletes with potentially career-ending neck and spine injuries. Notably, he safely returned most to their high level of athletic performance. Dr. Maroon is highly invested in the prevention and treatment of concussions in high school, college and professional sports, specifically football. While working with the Steelers in the early 1990’s,  the lack of an objective, reliable instrument to evaluate concussion symptoms became very apparent to Dr. Maroon. To fill this void, he and Dr. Mark Lovell developedImPACT™ (Immediate Post-Concussion Assessment and Cognitive Testing), an easy-to-administer, 20 minute long test to assess presence and severity of concussion symptoms. ImPACT™ has become the world-wide standard tool to assess sports-related concussions, and has been used in over 4.5 million athletes. In 1994, Dr. Maroon joined the National Football League’s mild Traumatic Brain Injury Committee as concussion expert. This committee, which in 2007 was renamed National Football League’s Head, Neck and Spine Committee, is still in place. For his expertise on sports medicine and concussions, Dr. Maroon is frequently interviewed and quoted by the media, including the New York Times, USA Today, Associated Press, ESPN, Sports Illustrated, and ABC News Nightline.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Henry “Patrick” C. Driscoll MD Board Member &amp; Treasurer Psychiatry</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Henry Patrick Driscoll is a pediatric, adolescent, and adult psychiatrist with a focus on substance use disorders and psychoanalysis. Early in his training, Dr. Driscoll started his journey in medicine and healing with a deep interest in holistic approaches to health and wellness.  A student of the mind and thinking, he studied philosophy as an undergraduate which led to his choice of neuroscience and psychiatry as ways to most positively impact the health and well-being of patients in a career in medicine. His early research in the biology of aging at the National Institute on Aging included several peer-reviewed papers from the Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology under Drs. Robert Brosh, PhD and Wilhelm Bohr, MD, PhD.  He completed his medical training as a Dean’s merit scholar at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine where he also completed a masters degree in clinical research with Dr. Charles Reynolds in his laboratory for the study of sleep, pharmacotherapy, and treatment-resistant late-life depression.  He completed his psychiatric residency at Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center including a fellowship in child and adolescent psychiatry and a clinical focus in addiction medicine.  This broad clinical experience with patients across the lifespan positions him well to communicate about our most current knowledge of how, to paraphrase Hippocrates, to use our food as remedies and make remedies of our foods.  He has also contributed to several books and training manuals on doctor-patient engagement including co-authoring Humanizing Addiction Treatment with Antoine Douaihy, MD.  Dr. Driscoll found his calling in clinical work with young people and their families which is the primary focus of his current practice in Pittsburgh.  As a dedicated educator who has earned top teaching awards from the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, he continues his work in the use of collaborative therapeutic inquiry into all layers of thought and experience within the doctor-patient relationship as an advanced candidate at the Pittsburgh Psychoanalytic Center.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Lawton W. Tang MD Vice President Plastic Surgery</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Tang received his medical training at State University of New York after winning several awards and research grants.  Dr. Tang relocated to Miami, Mount Sinai to train in General Surgery and Trauma Critical Care. He then completed an Aesthetics Breast and Body Contouring fellowship, and was hired as a clinical instructor at University of Pittsburgh Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.  Dr. Tang then specialized further in the Plastic and Reconstructive Fellowship at MCG.  Dr. Tang remains actively involved in education by teaching surgeons in training from Huntington Memorial Hospital and University of Southern California. He continues to publish his research in many of the top plastic surgery journals. He is the published author of numerous articles and book chapters on plastic and reconstructive surgery, cosmetic surgery, and regenerative medicine. He has presented research at national and international plastic surgery conferences. Dr. Tang travels regularly, consulting with leaders in the field of cosmetic plastic surgery facilitating the exchange of ideas and constantly refining his techniques. He has been featured at the Breast and Body Contouring Symposium held annually with Dr. J Peter Rubin, as well as the Discovery Health Channel. Dr. Tang continues to contribute to the body of literature of biomaterials being designed for skin, bone, and nerve regeneration, with a strong focus on polymeric materials, both native and synthetic. He has also received prestigious federal research grants to fund his regenerative medicine research. Of recent interest is the differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, neural progenitor cells, and osteoblasts for tissue engineering applications.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Rachel Yehuda PhD Board Member Psychology</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Rachel Yehuda is a professor of psychiatry and neuroscience, the Vice Chair for Veterans Affairs in the Psychiatry Department, and the Director of the Traumatic Stress Studies Division at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine. She also leads the PTSD clinical research program at the Neurochemistry and Neuroendocrinology laboratory at the James J. Peters VA Medical Center. In 2020 she became director of the Center for Psychedelic Psychotherapy and Trauma Research at Mount Sinai. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology and Neurochemistry and her M.S. in Biological Psychology from the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and completed her postdoctoral training in Biological Psychiatry in the Psychiatry Department at Yale Medical School. In 2019, she was elected to the National Academy of Medicine. Dr. Yehuda has authored more than 500 published papers, chapters, and books in the field of traumatic stress and the neurobiology of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Her interests include the study of risk and resilience factors, psychological and biological predictors of treatment response in PTSD, genetic and epigenetic studies of PTSD and the intergenerational transmission of trauma and PTSD.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Kenneth M. Ford PhD Board Member Human &amp; Machine Cognition</image:title>
      <image:caption>Kenneth Ford is Founder and Chief Executive Officer of the Florida Institute for Human &amp; Machine Cognition (IHMC) — a not-for-profit research institute located in Pensacola, Florida. IHMC has grown into one of the nation’s premier research organizations with world-class scientists and engineers investigating a broad range of topics related to building technological systems aimed at amplifying and extending human cognition, perception, locomotion and resilience. Richard Florida has described IHMC as “a new model for interdisciplinary research institutes that strive to be both entrepreneurial and academic, firmly grounded and inspiringly ambitious.” IHMC headquarters are in Pensacola with a branch research facility in Ocala, Florida. Dr. Ford is the author of hundreds of scientific papers and six books. Dr. Ford’s research interests include: artificial intelligence, cognitive science, human-centered computing, and entrepreneurship in government and academia. Dr. Ford received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Tulane University. He is Emeritus Editor-in-Chief of AAAI/MIT Press and has been involved in the editing of several journals. Ford is a Fellow of the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI), a charter Fellow of the National Academy of Inventors, a member of the Association for Computing Machinery, a member of the IEEE Computer Society, and a member of the National Association of Scholars. Ford has received many awards and honors including the Doctor Honoris Causas from the University of Bordeaux in 2005 and the 2008 Robert S. Englemore Memorial Award for his work in artificial intelligence (AI). In 2012 Tulane University named Ford its Outstanding Alumnus in the School of Science and Engineering. In 2015, the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence named Dr. Ford the recipient of the 2015 Distinguished Service Award. Also, in 2015, Dr. Ford was elected as Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). In 2017 Dr. Ford was inducted into the Florida Inventor’s Hall of Fame. In January 1997, Dr. Ford was asked by NASA to develop and direct its new Center of Excellence in Information Technology at the Ames Research Center in Silicon Valley. He served as Associate Center Director and Director of NASA’s Center of Excellence in Information Technology. In July 1999, Dr. Ford was awarded the NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal. That same year, Ford returned to private life and to the IHMC. In October of 2002, President George W. Bush nominated Dr. Ford to serve on the National Science Board (NSB) and the United States Senate confirmed his nomination in March of 2003. The NSB is the governing board of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and plays an important role in advising the President and Congress on science policy issues. In 2005, Dr. Ford was appointed and sworn in as a member of the Air Force Science Advisory Board. In 2007, he became a member of the NASA Advisory Council and on October 16, 2008, Dr. Ford was named as Chairman – a capacity in which he served until October 2011. In August 2010, Dr. Ford was awarded NASA’s Distinguished Public Service Medal – the highest honor the agency confers. In February of 2012, Dr. Ford was named to a two-year term on the Defense Science Board (DSB) and in 2013, he became a member of the Advanced Technology Board (ATB) which supports the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). In 2018, Dr. Ford was appointed to the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Belinda Tan MD, PhD Board Member Dermatology &amp; Dermatopathology</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Belinda Tan MD, PhD is a board-certified dermatologist and dermatopathologist who spent her formative professional training years in Los Angeles where she currently resides. Early in her career, she began applying high impact technology ideas to clinical practice with the purpose of providing broader access to quality care. Today she is a physician-scientist-entrepreneur recognized as one of LA’s top 100 technology leaders. Dr. Tan is a member of the early founding team and continuing advisor to DirectDerm, the national leader delivering teledermatology services and improving health outcomes among underserved populations. She most recently co-founded and served as Chief Medical Officer of Science 37, a pioneering market leader in virtual clinical trials that raised more than $100M in venture capital and led several groundbreaking first-ever FDA-regulated studies. The company’s focus on bringing clinical research to people in their homes significantly improved diversity among clinical study participants, from an average of 5% to 40%.   Dr. Tan is a continuing student of life, a listener, and a mentor. As a spouse, mother, daughter, and sister, her first-generation immigrant journey, so far, has enriched her appreciation of belonging to a global community. Her personal and professional pursuits are guided by promoting inclusivity and access. Having personally seen the healing impact of complementary and alternative medicines, she is focused on advocating for access to culturally competent care for these therapies. Inspired by the needs of people seeking healthcare within the LA County public health system where she trained, Dr. Tan mentored medical students and residents formerly as Assistant Clinical Professor of Medicine at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center. She also provides expertise to Venice Family Clinic, LA’s leading community health center. Dr. Tan’s multiple advisory roles include the LA Mayor’s WiSTEM initiative, Seed Health, and VisualDx.  As an immunologist, she has published several peer-reviewed studies describing mechanisms about how the human innate immune system combats challenging infections like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae. She earned her MD and PhD from UCLA and a BS from MIT, with additional clinical training at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and Cornell-New York Presbyterian Hospital.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Bryan Donohue MD, FACC Board Member Cardiology</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Donohue is an interventional cardiologist in practice for over thirty years.  He attended the Georgetown University School of Medicine and trained in internal medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Dr. Donohue received additional training in cardiology at the University of California, Los Angeles and in interventional cardiology at the Andreas Gruentzig Center of the Emory University School of Medicine.  His research has centered on the care of patients with acute myocardial infarction, and in collaboration with other leading cardiologists, this work has lead to a nationwide change in the treatment these patients receive with marked improvements in their outcomes.  This clinical research has been published in leading peer reviewed journals including the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American College of Cardiology, and Circulation and he has been an invited speaker on this work both nationally and internationally.  Dr. Donohue has been asked to chair scientific presentations at the American College of Cardiology Annual Scientific Sessions, received a Fulbright Scholarship Award, has been recognized locally as heart doctor of the year, and cited as amongst the best heart doctors for women.  His professional interests additionally include the athletic heart and he consults extensively with the World Wrestling Entertainment (W.W.E.) in that context.  Over the recent years Dr. Donohue has extensively studied the cardiovascular benefits of plant-based compounds and founded a nutritional supplement company to make available to the public particular phytochemicals that researchers have identified as central to lowering vascular risk .  Ensuring the purity of the products and that the methods of production are as rigorous as those used in the pharmaceutical industry have been central to the foundation and development of this nutraceutical company.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Michael J. Breus PhD, ABSM, FAASM Board Member Sleep Medicine</image:title>
      <image:caption>Michael J. Breus, Ph.D., is a double board-certified Clinical Psychologist and Clinical Sleep Specialist. He is one of only 168 psychologists in the world to have taken and passed the Sleep Medicine Boards without going to Medical School. He is also the founder of sleepdoctor.com. Dr. Breus is the author of four books with the newest book (2021) Energize! Go from dragging Ass to kicking it in 30 days, adds the concepts of Movement (not exercise), and Intermittent Fasting to his already famous Sleep Chronotypes. And it was recently named one of the top books of 2021 by The Today Show. In his third book (2017), The Power of When, which is a groundbreaking biohacking book proving that there is a perfect time to do everything, based on your biological chronotype (early bird or night owl). Dr. Breus gives the reader the exact times to have sex, run, a mile, eat a cheeseburger, buy, sell, ask your boss for a raise and much more based on over 200 research studies. He is an expert resource for most major publications doing more than 400 interviews per year (Oprah, Dr. Oz, The Doctors, NY Times, Wall Street Journal, and more). Dr. Breus has been in private practice for 23 years and recently relocated to and was named the Top Sleep Doctor of Los Angeles by Reader’s Digest.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Michelle Thompson, DO, AOBFP, ABOIM, DipABLM, FACLM Board Member Lifestyle, Integrative, and Family Medicine</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Michelle Thompson is a triple-board certified physician in lifestyle, integrative, and osteopathic family medicine incorporating culinary medicine and mind-body skills into patient care. Dr. Thompson has also been educating medical students, interns, residents, and attending physicians at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center where she has been employed since 2006.  She has served as the Chair of Medicine and is currently Vice Chief of Staff for UPMC Horizon and Jameson. Dr. Thompson created a “Doctors in the Kitchen-Food as Medicine and Physician Wellness” program offering CME credits to her colleagues to learn about self-care and lifestyle medicine.  As faculty for Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, she has transitioned traditional journal clubs for the residents into the teaching kitchen across all specialties. Dr. Thompson designed lifestyle medicine grand rounds, which facilitated 8 family medicine residency programs to offer lifestyle medicine residency tracks and was recently announced as the medical director of the UPMC Well-being and Lifestyle Medicine Center. Dr. Thompson has transformed the way healthcare is offered in her primary care practice and community offering free classes in nutrition, whole food plant based teaching kitchens, mindfulness workshops, yoga, tai chi, qigong, meditation, sound therapy, art therapy, forest bathing, shop with a doc, aromatherapy, dancing mindfulness, Ayurveda, mind-body medicine, and many other integrative tools empowering people to take control of their health.   As a champion for UPMC Physician Thrive, Dr. Thompson is a fierce advocate for physician wellness and addressing burnout by creating full-day programs for physicians and nurses to learn tools for resilience and self-care for which she was featured in The New York Times. She was also featured in the recent documentary Going Om discussing the health benefits of sound therapy as a treatment modality.  Dr. Thompson is a graduate of Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine and Youngstown State University.  She completed her family medicine residency at UPMC Mercy Hospital in Pittsburgh, PA.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Segyu Choepel Rinpoche Board Member Buddhist Meditation &amp; Tibetan Healing</image:title>
      <image:caption>Venerable Segyu Choepel Rinpoche is the founder, director, and head teacher of Juniper Foundation—a nonprofit and 501(c)3 tax-exempt organization dedicated to the preservation of the Segyu lineage of Tibetan Buddhism and healing. Founded in 1985, the Foundation has its headquarters in California, complemented by branch centers in Brazil and Uruguay. Born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Rinpoche earned a degree in electrical engineering at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro while also becoming a master in Brazil’s rich healing tradition. In 1983, Rinpoche moved to the United States and shortly thereafter was recognized by the 98th Gaden Tri Rinpoche, the spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism’s Gelug School, as a master and holder of a renowned Tibetan Buddhist lineage known as the Segyu. Rinpoche’s primary teacher was Kyabje Lati Rinpoche (1922-2010), one of Tibetan Buddhism’s most acclaimed masters of recent times and the former abbot of Tibet’s famous Gaden Shartse Monastery. Rinpoche spent over thirty years studying under Kyabje Lati Rinpoche, and other Tibetan masters, and collecting the ancient wisdom, methods and healing practices of Tibetan Buddhist thought. In tandem with this training, Rinpoche extensively studied Tibetan Medicine, in 2013 completing a three year traditional Tibetan Medicine training to be certified as a Naturaopathic Doctor of Tibetan Medicine with the Tibetan Medicine Education Center, Milan, Italy. Venerable Segyu Rinpoche has a full schedule of teachings, healings, and retreats, taking him regularly to various locations in the United States, Asia, South America, and Europe. He also consults with physicians and psychologists on their therapeutic cases, advises on various psycho-spiritual research projects, gives public lectures, and participates in conferences and other events.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Matthew W. Cook MD Board Member Anesthesia &amp; Functional Medicine</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Matthew Cook is a board-certified anesthesiologist with over 20 years of experience in practicing medicine. He graduated from the University of Washington School of Medicine and completed his residency in anesthesiology at the University of California San Francisco. Dr. Cook has also completed a fellowship in Functional Medicine and has a Doctorate in Traditional Chinese Medicine. His early career as an anesthesiologist and medical director of an outpatient surgery center that specialized in sports medicine and orthopedic procedures provided invaluable training in the skills needed to become a leader in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Currently, Dr. Cook is President and Founder of BioReset™ Medical and BioReset™ International.  His practice provides treatments for conditions ranging from pain and complex illness to anti-aging and wellness. Dr. Cook’s approach is to use the most non-invasive, natural and integrative treatment methods possible.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Laura Lagano MS, RDN, CDN, AFMCP Board Member Nutrition</image:title>
      <image:caption>Registered Dietitian Nutritionist Laura Lagano is the author of The CBD Oil Miracle (St. Martin’s Press, 2019) and co-founder and education director of the Holistic Cannabis Academy. Laura’s journey to cannabis was led by her dissatisfaction with what conventional healthcare had to offer her daughter Isabella Speranza. As one of a handful of RDNs who has completed the prestigious Institute of Functional Medicine program, Laura integrates her expertise in nutrition, functional medicine, and the endocannabinoid system in her private practice Laura Lagano Wellness. She speaks frequently at conferences about plant medicine, consults with cannabis-related companies, and advises several cannabis companies. One of the first dietitians to work in the media, Laura writes for The Fresh Toast, Kitchen Toke, and Holistic Primary Care magazines, and has written for or been quoted in the New York Times, Forbes, HuffPost, Stitcher, MerryJane, The Daily Beast, and numerous other media outlets. She was awarded an Ozy Rising Star award for her pioneering work shining a light on the endocannabinoid system and the healing benefits of the cannabis plant. Laura’s core value system is about nurturing relationships though collaboration to eliminate the global stigma around cannabis and plant medicines.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Ben Kelmendi MD Board Member Psychiatry</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ben is a psychiatrist and an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine. His primary clinical expertise is in PTSD, Depression, OCD, and the endocannabinoid system. He is the co-founder of the Yale Psychedelic Science Group. He leads a research program focused on the therapeutic potential of psychedelic medicines, across a range of psychiatric diagnosis. He is currently investigating the effects of psilocybin on the neurocircuitry implicated in the development, maintenance, and treatment of patients with OCD. He is also exploring the effects of MDMA on brain activation and neural network organization in PTSD to understand the relationship between MDMA-induced neural changes and the acute cognitive and behavioral effects of the drug.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Nathaniel Weathington MD,PhD Board Member Pulmonary Critical Care</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Weathington is a physician scientist specializing in Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. His laboratory studies the biology of inflammation and pharmacology at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, where he is an Assistant Professor in the Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine. His research is funded by grants from foundations and the National Institutes of Health to investigate the chemical signals, molecular pathways, cellular responses, and drug actions that contribute to acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. He has authored over 30 articles in journals including Nature Medicine, Science Translational Medicine, the Journal of Clinical Investigation, and many others.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Arisha Patel MD, MBA Board Member Medical Oncology &amp; Hematology AI-Enabled Precision Oncology Integrative Cancer Recovery &amp; Survivorship Innovation</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Arisha Patel is a board-certified Medical Oncologist and Hematologist, Physician-Scientist, and clinical data strategist whose work integrates precision oncology, survivorship science, and advanced analytics to redefine patient-centered cancer and hematologic care. Her clinical and research focus spans molecular oncology, AI-enabled diagnostics, integrative therapeutics, and the evolving science of resilience. She is the Founder and CEO of BioNurture™, a modern oncology and hematology telemedicine practice specializing in personalized cancer prevention, long-term survivorship, and contemporary hematologic care. Through precision diagnostics, advanced analytics, and evidence-informed care pathways, she delivers  individualized and supportive treatment designed to promote resilience far beyond active therapy. In parallel, Dr. Patel serves as Founder of Biosynova Incorporated™, a biotechnology, digital health, and integrative oncology enterprise advancing innovation across precision medicine, predictive modeling, and future-state clinical infrastructure. Within this ecosystem, she leads BioSanctum, an integrative oncology and restorative wellness initiative offering curated cancer-recovery retreats that support healing on physical, emotional, metabolic, and spiritual levels. BioSanctum blends evidence-based supportive oncology with neuro-immune restoration, somatic and mind–body practices, metabolic optimization, and personalized recovery architecture guiding patients into a new era of survivorship and human flourishing. Biosynova unites her data-driven research initiatives and digital platforms under a shared mission to accelerate progress in personalized care. Dr. Patel is an Adjunct Clinical Instructor in the Division of Oncology &amp; Hematology at Stanford University School of Medicine. Her training includes an MD and Master’s in Healthcare Administration from Chicago Medical School, residency and fellowship at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (an NCI-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center), and an MBA in Biomedical Entrepreneurship from Carnegie Mellon University’s Tepper School of Business. Previously, as Senior Medical Director of Personalized Healthcare – Precision Oncology at Genentech, she led tumor-agnostic clinical strategy and AI-driven patient-selection initiatives that helped shape the evolution of targeted therapeutics and predictive oncology. Her research has been published in peer-reviewed journals spanning precision oncology, artificial intelligence, clinical data science, and integrative health. She is also the creator and host of The Cancer Resilience Code Podcast, where she explores survivorship, innovation, and the evolving science of human healing and transformation.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Steven D. Factor MD Board Member Neurology</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Steven Factor is a graduate of Northwestern University, where he completed a double major in Philosophy and Economics.  After a very brief stint with the bulls and bears of Chicago’s finance markets, he earned a medical degree from Loyola Stritch School of Medicine in Chicago. He then completed an internship and neurological residency at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, followed by a fellowship in Clinical Neurophysiology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center where his clinical research activities included multiple investigational protocols into epilepsy treatment.  Dr. Factor is currently triple-board certified in Neurology, Clinical Neurophysiology, and Epilepsy. He is also experienced in the fields of intraoperative monitoring and headache treatment, and always strives to match plant-based medicinal options to symptomatology when such alternatives match patient goals. His passions outside of the clinical setting include classical guitar performance and composition, running, and meditation.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Major General T. S. Jones Board Advisor Veteran &amp; Military Health</image:title>
      <image:caption>Ret. Major General Jones entered the Marine Corps through the Officer Candidate Program following his graduation from Eastern Illinois University. An infantry officer, he served in each of the three active Marine Divisions and commanded at all ranks from 2/Lt to Major General. His final assignment in the Marine Corps was that of Commanding General of Training and Education Command in Quantico, Virginia. MGen Jones founded Outdoor Odyssey, a non-profit Leadership Academy, oriented on impacting youth through team building and mentoring. Jones, his staff at Outdoor Odyssey and a strong cadre of volunteers, in conjunction with the Semper Fi Fund, have hosted 74 weeklong sessions of Semper Fi Odyssey for wounded, ill and injured warriors, helping them make a successful transition into the civilian sector.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Mr. Brian T. McConnell Board Advisor Elite Athletics</image:title>
      <image:caption>Mr. Brian McConnell has served as the Vice President of the NFL Alumni Association since 2010. After earning All-Big Ten Honors and graduating from Michigan State, he played professional football for several years for the Buffalo Bills, Houston Oilers, and Miami Dolphins. Following his time with the Dolphins, Mr. McConnell retired from professional football and received an MBA from Stanford. Since entering the business world, Mr. McConnell has become an accomplished senior executive seasoned in corporate environments, with an emphasis on software engineering, information technology, data and telecommunications. Mr. McConnell is an expert in start-up, pre-IPO, mergers and acquisitions and has successfully launched global marketing programs in a multitude of markets and disciplines. Notably, Mr. McConnell is one of only four NFL players to ever have a liver transplant after beating liver cancer. Mr. McConnell’s dedication to recovery is unparalleled as he survived 45 surgeries, was exposed to nearly every pain medicine available, and still managed to avoid opioids and their long-term complications. Like his colleagues on The Board of Medicine, Mr. McConnell’s story is a true testament to the power of will. In his spare time, Mr. McConnell facilitates the development of technology to help NFL alumni and players who are suffering negative consequences as a result of multiple concussions.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Mr. Paul Robbins Board Advisor Elite Athletics</image:title>
      <image:caption>As VP of Sports Performance at Kinexon, a leader in RFID sports tracking, Paul oversees performance consulting for professional teams and athletes. Clients include the NBA, NFL, USTA as well as German leagues in soccer, handball and basketball. Previously, Paul was Director of Performance for STATS and oversaw the development of the NBA sports performance game data. He is now taking the performance data metrics into these additional sports and leagues. Paul has an extensive background in tracking technology and its impact on athlete recovery and conditioning.  Much of this came from working for over 10 years with EXOS (formerly known as Athletes Performance) as the metabolic specialist developing energy system programs and assessment. Since then, he has been involved with the USTA Sports Science and NHL Combine Committees and sits on advisory boards for Plantiga, Kenzen and Bimin. Paul works directly with various wearable and recovery treatment companies to develop hardware for live data tracking, performance training based on energy systems demands and recovery protocols. Paul received his Bachelor's degree in Physical Education, with an emphasis in exercise science, from the State University of New York, Cortland. He has a Master’s in Exercise Physiology from California University of Pennsylvania.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Darowan Akajagbor PharmD, BCCCP Board Advisor Clinical Pharmacy</image:title>
      <image:caption>Darowan Akajagbor is a clinical pharmacy specialist. She earned her Pharm.D. degree from University at Buffalo School of Pharmacy &amp; Pharmaceutical Sciences in June 2009. She completed a Pharmacy practice residency at Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center in Brooklyn New York, and a critical care pharmacy residency at the University of Maryland Medical Center, in Baltimore Maryland. Following her training, she practiced as a clinical pharmacy specialist in the medical intensive care unit (MICU) at Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, New York. During that time, she also held a full-time clinical assistant professor faculty appointment at D’Youville College School of Pharmacy and adjunct professor at Upstate Medical University. She subsequently relocated to Houston Texas where she worked as a clinical pharmacist at Houston Methodist Willowbrook Hospital. She was the clinical pharmacy specialist for the medical-surgery and inpatient chemotherapy unit. Dr. Akajagbor’s professional interests include promoting the safe and effective use of medications and the identification and mitigation of drug-related problems. She is a life-long learner and is currently interested in topics on plant medicines, adaptogens, functional nutrition, health coaching, wellness, and well-being practices.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Rachael Grazioplene PhD Board Advisor Psychology</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Grazioplene is a researcher in the Department of Psychiatry at Yale University. She received her Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Minnesota in the Personality, Individual Differences, and Behavioral Genetics Program. Her research examines how variations in neural structure and function relate to human personality and psychopathology. She is currently collaborating on two systematic research studies that address the potential of psychedelic-assisted therapies in the treatment of severe mental illnesses. Dr. Grazioplene has published several peer-reviewed articles and book chapters on diverse topics in psychology and neuroscience including personality structure, the neurobiology of creativity, psychosis risk, and intelligence.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Adam S. Howe MD, FAAP Board Advisor Urology</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Howe attended Union College where he majored in biochemistry.  After volunteering with the local hospice and working as a research technician in an infectious disease laboratory, he went on to receive his medical degree at Albany Medical College.  He then specialized in General Surgery at the University of Louisville. Dr. Howe then sub-specialized in Urology at The Ohio State University, followed by a fellowship in Pediatric Urology at Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York.  He lives in upstate New York and currently holds a position as an assistant professor of surgery at Albany Medical College and pediatric urologist at Albany Medical Center in Albany, NY.  Dr. Howe is board-certified in urology and has multiple published peer-reviewed manuscripts.  Dr. Howe’s work has included investigations of minimally-invasive treatments such as the use of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) for children with nocturnal enuresis, and he started the Pediatric Onco-Fertility program at Albany Medical Center.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Board Members - Dr. Myro Figura MD Board Advisor Anesthesia</image:title>
      <image:caption>Dr. Figura is an entrepreneur, researcher, and an academic faculty Anesthesiologist at UCLA. Dr. Figura has co-founded a number of ventures ranging from emergency university medical services, to a consumer devices startup, to a nutraceutical supplements company. He is a published researcher with a number of articles and book chapters on various topics in anesthesiology, pain management, and medical innovation. He is also a frequent lecturer for medical students and a clinical educator for resident physicians at UCLA. Dr. Figura has deep research and innovation experience at several powerhouse research institutions, has designed and run clinical trials, and has been a part of the development team for a novel intraoperative nasal CPAP device, which he has extensively studied and presented nationally. Dr. Figura is also a co-founder of HealFast, Inc., an innovative physician-led company that develops clinical-grade evidence-based nutraceutical products for healthcare and consumer use. Dr. Figura brings deep industry experience on supplement development from ideation to product, research, sourcing, manufacturing, certifications, and all aspects of commercialization.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/wearable-technology</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-11-14</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/the-opioid-crisis-initiative</loc>
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    <lastmod>2023-08-17</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/donate</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-06-16</lastmod>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/clinical-cannabis-initiative</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-08-28</lastmod>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Clinical Cannabis Initiative</image:title>
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  </url>
  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/psychedelic-psychotherapy</loc>
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    <priority>0.75</priority>
    <lastmod>2023-08-17</lastmod>
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      <image:title>The Psychedelic Psychotherapy Initiative</image:title>
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    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/indirectcost</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-07-15</lastmod>
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      <image:title>Indirect Cost Policy - Maximum Indirect Costs</image:title>
      <image:caption>Indirect cost rates are determined by the organization receiving the grant and the maximum allowable rates by The Board are listed below: Government agencies, private foundations: 0% US Universities, US Community Colleges, and other institutions of higher learning, for-profit organizations: 10% Non-governmental organizations, Non-profit organizations, Non-US universities: 10%</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Indirect Cost Policy - The Board of Medicine Funding Philosophy</image:title>
      <image:caption>The Board of Medicine is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) consortium of  physicians, scientists, and subject matter experts working together to provide access to evidence-based, peer-reviewed and data-driven knowledge to ensure the safety of medicine for everyone from elite athletes and military Veterans to patients and caregivers.  In pursuit of our goals to support harm-reduction, safety, education, and innovation in medicine and public health, we engage in collaborations and initiatives that maximize the reach of our resources to tackle critical problems and provide rigorous research support to novel treatments. We aim to optimize our sponsored grants for maximum impact while ensuring the cost of delivering results remains effective and reasonable for our partners. We work closely with our partners as they develop their proposals to gain a shared understanding of the total cost needed to execute the project efficiently and effectively. The Board is committed to the success of its collaborators and partners and relies on them to develop accurate and actual direct and indirect costs for the project or program in question. Due to resource limitations, we have implemented a maximum indirect cost rate on most proposals–with a recognition that such restrictions may not align with our partners or their organizations views on funding and associated costs.</image:caption>
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  <url>
    <loc>https://www.boardofmedicine.org/the-banned-substances-control-group</loc>
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    <lastmod>2022-07-19</lastmod>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group - WHO IS BSCG?</image:title>
      <image:caption>BSCG is an international leader in third-party certification and testing built on a foundation of more than 25 years at the forefront of sport drug testing and anti-doping science. BSCG specializes in banned substance testing, label claim, environmental contaminant testing, and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) compliance. The Board of Medicine is proud to certify the BSCG as a qualified certification and testing provider servicing the hemp and CBD product industries so that consumers can know they are safe when using these products. With &gt;500 compounds on their testing screens, they cover 296 drugs on the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List that are banned in sport and 209 prescription, OTC, and illicit drugs like opioids, muscle relaxers, PDE-5 inhibitors, weight loss agents and others. BSCG’s menu covers more drugs banned in sport than any other provider in the industry.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group - Make it stand out</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group - WHAT DOES BSCG DO?</image:title>
      <image:caption>BSCG offers the BSCG Certified CBD Seal as the first broad-spectrum international third-party certification programs for the CBD product industry. Their rigorous certification approach for CBD products achieves the following: Standardized CBD quality specifications Verified integrity of ingredients and finished products Increased consumer confidence and awareness Hemp supplier verification Phytocannabinoids and contaminant testing Consumers are given drug-testing protection A compliance review that considers claims and the quality control process</image:caption>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group</image:title>
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      <image:title>The Banned Substances Control Group</image:title>
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      <image:title>Precision Nutrition - WHAT DOES BSCG DO?</image:title>
      <image:caption>BSCG offers the BSCG Certified CBD Seal as the first broad-spectrum international third-party certification programs for the CBD product industry. Their rigorous certification approach for CBD products achieves the following: Standardized CBD quality specifications Verified integrity of ingredients and finished products Increased consumer confidence and awareness Hemp supplier verification Phytocannabinoids and contaminant testing Consumers are given drug-testing protection A compliance review that considers claims and the quality control process</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Home (Backup) - The Psychedelic Psychotherapy Training Initiative</image:title>
      <image:caption>We are thrilled to announce The Board’s official endorsement of Psychedelic.Support to expand access to CME/CE-accredited trainings for clinical providers in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, educate the general community, and connect prospective patients with opportunities to participate in clinical trials of these cutting edge therapeutic tools. The Board is proud to announce the publication in collaboration with Dr. Allison Feduccia PhD of Psychedelic.support entitled: The need for establishing best practices and gold standards in psychedelic medicine Psychedelic.support currently offers online CME/CE-accredited trainings in MDMA, psilocybin, and ketamine-assisted psychotherapy that we highly recommend for anyone interested in learning more about these ground-breaking treatments.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Home (Backup) - We Work as a Team to Support You</image:title>
      <image:caption>From nutrition and plant medicine to neurosurgery and psychiatry, the Board has you covered. The Board of Medicine is a consortium of physicians, scientists, and subject matter experts working together to provide access to evidence-based, peer-reviewed and data-driven knowledge to ensure the safety of medicine for caregivers, patients, and industry partners.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Home (Backup) - The Tools in Our Toolbox</image:title>
      <image:caption>Plant medicines, such as valerian root, curcumin, ashwaganda, hemp-derived cannabinoids (ie. CBD &amp; CBDA), and therapeutic mushrooms are extremely safe when used and dosed properly. There are other techniques, such as breath work, meditation, yoga, massage, acupuncture, and wearable technologies which have few to no side effects and are also powerful treatment options.  These are particularly useful options for those who are not good candidates for medicine. It is critical for us to be aware of these tools in our toolbox, specifically their risks and benefits, so that we can understand when they may be good choices over other riskier treatment options.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Home (Backup) - Trainings &amp; Certifications</image:title>
      <image:caption>Trainings and certifications for healthcare providers and industry partners are updated annually, based on the latest evidence collected from a comprehensive review of the peer-reviewed literature and combined with anecdotal evidence contributed by thousands of patients and healthcare providers.</image:caption>
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